Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP-7), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is expressed in the brain, kidneys, and bladder. It plays a critical role in the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone and cartilage. BMP-7 induces the phosphorylation of SMAD1 and SMAD5, which, in turn, leads to the transcription of osteogenic genes. In many cell types, treatment with BMP-7 alone is sufficient to induce all genetic markers of osteoblast differentiation. BMP-7 shows potential for treating chronic kidney disease. In cases of infertility where follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment is ineffective, injection of BMP-7 may be considered as a therapeutic option. BMP-7 also holds potential for the treatment of human obesity.