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Tumor necrosis factor (or TNF family) refers to a group of cytokines that can cause cell death (apoptosis). The first two members of the family were identified as follows:

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

TNF-α(TNFSF1A)

TNF-α is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by a variety of cells, including adipocytes, activated monocytes, macrophages, B cells, T cells, and fibroblasts. It belongs to the ligand of the TNF superfamily and transmits signals through two receptors, TNFR1 (also known as p55 or p60) and TNFR2 (also known as p75 and p80). TNF-α is cytotoxic to a wide range of tumor cells and is an important factor in mediating the immune response to bacterial infection. TNF-α also plays an important role in inducing septic shock, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, and diabetes. There is significant cross-reactivity between humans and mice.

TNF-β(TNFSF1B)

TNF-β is an important mediator in inflammation and immune responses. It belongs to the ligand of the TNF superfamily and transmits signals through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNF-β is produced by activated T cells and B cells, and has similar activity to TNF-α. Like TNF-α, TNF-β is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, coagulation, and neurotransmission. TNF-β is secreted as a soluble polypeptide but can form a heterotrimer with β lymphotoxin-β, which can effectively anchor TNF-β to the cell surface. TNF-β is cytotoxic to a wide range of tumor cells. There is significant cross-reactivity between humans and mice.

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