Tumor necrosis factor (TNF): TNF-α & TNF-β
The Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) family comprises cytokines that induce cell death (apoptosis). Key members include TNF-α and TNF-β. TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is secreted by various cells like macrophages, T cells, and adipocytes. It signals through TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors, mediating immune responses, tumor cytotoxicity, and roles in septic shock, autoimmune diseases, and inflammation. TNF-β, produced by activated T and B cells, shares similar functions with TNF-α, including immune regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor cytotoxicity. Both TNF-α and TNF-β exhibit significant cross-reactivity between humans and mice, highlighting their conserved biological roles.
