Author: stylish

Apoptosis occurs through two main pathways: extrinsic and intrinsic. The extrinsic pathway activates caspases via extracellular signals, while the intrinsic pathway involves cytochrome c release from mitochondria, forming an apoptosome with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 to activate caspase-3. Caspases, cysteine proteases, degrade key intracellular proteins, leading to apoptosis. They are divided into the ICE subfamily (involved in inflammation) and the CED-3 family (involved in apoptosis). The mitochondrial pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, which control the permeability transition pore (PT pore) and cytochrome c release. Additional proteins like Smac, AIF, and Endo G also contribute to apoptosis. In Fas signaling, caspase-8 activation amplifies the apoptotic signal through Bid cleavage, particularly in type II cells.

The concept of apoptosis and its characteristics Apoptosis: also known as programmed cell death (PCD), is the autonomous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment, which plays a necessary role in the removal of unwanted or abnormal cells by multicellular organisms, and belongs to the "suicide" behavior of cells. Typical features of apoptosis loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; eversion of cell membrane PS (phosphatidylserine); Nuclei condense and rupture. Apoptosis Programmed death is an active death process taken by the body to better adapt to the living environment. Heat analysis of apoptosis research Apoptosis and disease Insufficient ApoptosisExcessive ApoptosisNeoplasmsCardiovascular DiseasesAutoimmune DiseasesHematologic DiseasesViral InfectionWith Severe HepatitisDegenerative Neurological DiseasesSuch as Alzheimer's DiseaseParkinson's…