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Annexins are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that preferentially bind phosphatidylserine (PS). Under normal physiologic conditions, PS is predominantly located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Upon initiation of apoptosis, PS loses its asymmetric distribution across the phospholipid bilayer and is translocated to the extracellular membrane leaflet marking cells as targets of phagocytosis. Once on the outer surface of the membrane, PS can be detected by fluorescently labeled Annexin V in a calcium-dependent manner.
Note:that this product is not suitable for automatic voltage-adjusting flow cytometers such as the BD C6; if used with such devices, we recommend using the Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis kit (C6-specific).
A Brife Review of the Apoptosis Pathway
Apoptosis occurs through two main pathways: extrinsic and intrinsic. The extrinsic pathway activates caspases via extracellular signals, while the intrinsic pathway involves cytochrome c release from mitochondria, forming an apoptosome with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 to activate caspase-3. Caspases, cysteine proteases, degrade key intracellular proteins, leading to apoptosis. They are divided into the ICE subfamily (involved in inflammation) and the CED-3 family (involved in apoptosis). The mitochondrial pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, which control the permeability transition pore (PT pore) and cytochrome c release. Additional proteins like Smac, AIF, and Endo G also contribute to apoptosis. In Fas signaling, caspase-8 activation amplifies the apoptotic signal through Bid cleavage, particularly in type II cells.
【Flow cytometry】A Review of Apoptosis Data Analysis Techniques
Explore cutting-edge methods for analyzing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in biomedical research. Learn about flow cytometry, TUNEL assays, caspase detection, and computational modeling for accurate apoptosis measurement. Discover best practices for data interpretation in cancer, immunology, and drug development. 🧬 Read now for expert insights!
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